# Bash let with Examples In bash, all variables are treated as strings. You cannot perform arithmetic operations on variables as you would normally do in other programming languages since bash interprets them as strings. To overcome this, bash has a built-in tool named let. Using the let command, you can declare a variable and perform arithmetic operations during the assignment. ### Prerequisites * A text editor * Access to a terminal ### Bash let Bash let is a simple built-in utility available on all Linux systems. It directs bash to evaluate arithmetic expressions. Using this command you can perform bitwise operations as well. Your variable computations do not expect you to add the $ symbol to represent variables. Here’s the syntax: ``` let ``` Where expression is the expression to be carried out. ### How to use bash let In this section, we are going to learn how we can make use of the let command to evaluate strings as numbers. We will carry out arithmetic, bitwise, and increments and decrements operations on variables using let. We will also understand the scope of the variables. #### 1. Evaluate Strings as Numbers The bash variables, by default, are of strings datatype. To carry out the conversion and evaluate them as numbers, we can use the let command. Let’s create a script (letScript1.sh) by opening your favorite editor. Put the following contents and save it: | `#!/bin/bashlet` `i=5echo` `i is $i` `j=10 k=jecho` `Without let` `j is $j and k is $k #Without let k will store the string value j` `let` `j=10 k=jecho` `With let` `j is $j and k is $k #Assigning the same value to another variable` | | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | The above example assigns a numeric value to the variable. Another interesting thing to note is that let command allows us to assign the same value to a new variable.
using let assigns a numeric value to the variable
#### 2. Basic arithmetic operations The basic arithmetic operators are: * Addition (+) * Subtraction (-) * Multiplication (\*) * Division (/) * Exponential (\*\*) * Modulus (%) Example: | `#!/bin/bashlet` `a=4let` `b=2c=6d=3echo` `"------------------WITHOUT USING LET TO PERFORM ADDITION------------------"result=$a+$becho` `Sum of $a and $b is $result #Alternativelyresult2=$c+$decho` `$c+$d is $result2` `echo` `"------------------USING LET TO PERFORM ADDITION------------------"let` `result=$a+$becho` `$a+$b is $result #Alternatively we can use let as followslet` `result2=$c+$decho` `$c+$d is $result2` `echo` `"------------------USING LET TO PERFORM SUBTRACTION------------------"let` `result=$a-$becho` `$a-$b is $result #Alternatively we can use let as follows:let` `result2=$c-$decho` `$c-$d is $result2` `echo` `"------------------USING LET TO PERFORM MULTIPLICATION------------------"let` `result=$a*$becho` `$a*$b is $result #Alternatively we can use let as follows:let` `result2=$c*$decho` `$c*$d is $result2` `echo` `"------------------USING LET TO PERFORM DIVISION------------------"let` `result=$a/$becho` `$a/$b is $result #Alternatively we can use let as follows:let` `result2=$c/$decho` `$c/$d is $result2` `echo` `"------------------USING LET TO PERFORM EXPONENTIAL------------------"let` `result=$a**$becho` `$a^$b is $result #Alternatively we can use let as follows:let` `result2=$c**$decho` `$c^$d is $result2` `echo` `"------------------USING LET TO PERFORM MODULUS ------------------"let` `result=$a%$becho` `$a%$b is $result #Alternatively we can use let as follows:let` `result2=$c%$decho` `$c%$d is $result2` | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | As we can see, without using the let command, bash will interpret the variables as strings and will print the expression without evaluating it. With let, we can perform the basic arithmetic functionalities. We can either explicitly declare the variables using let and perform the operations or simply use let to declare the result where the expression evaluation takes place.
using let basic arithmetic operations
#### 3. Increments and Decrements Operators The increments and decrements can be categorized into 3 categories: * Post-increment(i++) and Post-decrement(i--): Using let, we can interpret the numerical value of the variable then increase or decrease by 1. * Pre-increment(++i) and Pre-decrement(--i): When used with let, this operation results in an increase or a decrease of the value by 1 and then the interpretation of the numeric variable takes place. * Unary plus(+i) and Unary minus(-i): This operation appends a plus (+) or a minus (-) sign to the numeric value. It other words, the expression is multiplied by 1 or -1 Example: | `#!/bin/bashecho` `"------------------POST------------------"let` `a=4let` `b=102` `let` `z=a++echo` `$a $z` `let` `y=b--echo` `$b $y` `echo` `"------------------PRE------------------"let` `a=4let` `b=102` `let` `z=++aecho` `$a $z` `let` `y=--becho` `$b $y` `echo` `"------------------UNARY------------------"let` `a=4let` `b=-102` `let` `z=-aecho` `$a $z` `let` `y=+becho` `$b $y` | | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | From the above example we can see increments and decrements can be performed with the help of let command. With post operations, variables z and y are assigned the values of a and b respectively before the increment has happened. However, with pre operations, the values are altered after which they get stored in the variables z and y.
using let increment and decrement
#### 4. Bitwise operations The following bitwise operators can be used with let. * Bitwise negation(\~) * Bitwise shift left * Bitwise shift right * Bitwise AND * Bitwise OR * Bitwise XOR Here’s an example: | `#!/bin/bashlet` `a=4 #000100let` `b=2 #000010` `echo` `"------------------ USING LET FOR BITWISE NEGATION------------------"let` `result=~a echo` `Negation of $a is $result` `echo` `"------------------ USING LET FOR LEFT SHIFT------------------"let` `"result=a<<2"echo` `Left shift` `of $a is $result` `echo` `"------------------ USING LET FOR RIGHT SHIFT------------------"let` `"result=a>>2"echo` `Right shift` `of $a is $result` `echo` `"------------------ USING LET FOR BITWISE AND------------------"let` `"result=a&b"` `echo` `$a AND $b is $result echo` `"------------------ USING LET FOR BITWISE OR------------------"let` `"result=a\|b"` `echo` `$a OR $b is $result` `echo` `"------------------ USING LET FOR BITWISE XOR------------------"let` `"result=a^ b"` `echo` `$a XOR $b is $result` | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | Using let we perform bitwise operations. The binary value of 4 is 00000100. Negation will flip 4 to a binary value of 11111011, which is represented as -5 in 2’s complement. A single bitwise left shift is multiplication by 2. Doing it twice results in multiplication by 4. Similarly, a single right shift results in the division of the number by 2. Further, a bitwise AND compares two bits and returns 1 if both are 1, otherwise 0.\ A bitwise OR also does the bitwise comparison, returning 1 even if one of the bits is 1, otherwise 0.\ XOR returns 0 if two bits are similar otherwise 1\ \ 2 in binary= 00000010\ 4 in binary = 00000100\ Negation of 4 = \~4 = 11111011 = -5\ 2 Bitwise left shift of 4 = 4<<2 = 00000100 -> 00001000-> 00010000 = 16\ 2 Bitwise right shift of 4 = 4 >>2 = 00000100 -> 00000010-> 00000001 = 1\ Bitwise 4 and 2 = 4&2 = 00000100 & 00000010 =00000000 = 0\ Bitwise 4 or 2= 4|2 = 00000100 | 00000010 =00000110 = 6\ Bitwise 4 xor 2= 4^2 = 00000100 ^ 00000010 =00000110 = 6
using let bitwise operation
#### 5. Scope of variables The let command creates a local scope for the variables on which it acts. If you have any predefined variable existing, it will get overwritten. When a variable set in its local scope and its effective value is not yet established, the value does not update when we evaluate it. Example: | `#!/bin/bashecho` `"------------------ ONE------------------"j=10let` `i=5let` `j=iecho` `i and j are $i and $j` `echo` `"------------------ TWO------------------"let` `i=5let` `inc=i++echo` `i and inc are $i and $inc` `echo` `"------------------ THREE------------------"let` `i=5let` `inc=++iecho` `i and inc are $i and $inc` | | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | The variable j was initialized to 10. However, after using let command, it was overwritten to the value stored in the variable i.\ In the next case, we can see the value of inc does not increase. However, in the final case, the evaluation of i happened before the assignment to the variable inc. As a result both i and inc hold the value 6.
scope of the variable
### Conclusion Takeaway points from this tutorial * All bash variables are strings so to process them as numeric values, bash offers a simple command called let. * It is a pretty useful bash functionality to carry out arithmetic and bitwise operations on numbers. * We have also learned about the scope of the variables in detail. --- # Agent Instructions: Querying This Documentation If you need additional information that is not directly available in this page, you can query the documentation dynamically by asking a question. Perform an HTTP GET request on the current page URL with the `ask` query parameter: ``` GET https://morgan-bin-bash.gitbook.io/bash-scripting/bash-let-with-examples.md?ask= ``` The question should be specific, self-contained, and written in natural language. The response will contain a direct answer to the question and relevant excerpts and sources from the documentation. Use this mechanism when the answer is not explicitly present in the current page, you need clarification or additional context, or you want to retrieve related documentation sections.